diff --git a/user_guide/general/helpers.html b/user_guide/general/helpers.html
index 5569d98..6d443b9 100644
--- a/user_guide/general/helpers.html
+++ b/user_guide/general/helpers.html
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 
 <p>For example, to create a link using the <dfn>anchor()</dfn> function in one of your view files you would do this:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;?=anchor('blog/comments', 'Click Here');?&gt;</code>
+<code>&lt;?php echo anchor('blog/comments', 'Click Here');?&gt;</code>
 
 <p>Where "Click Here" is the name of the link, and "blog/comments" is the URI to the controller/function you wish to link to.</p>
 
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html b/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
index 4afa58b..177bbc7 100644
--- a/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
 <p>If you would like to display the total elapsed time from the moment CodeIgniter starts to the moment the final output
 is sent to the browser, simply place this in one of your view templates:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;?=$this->benchmark->elapsed_time();?&gt;</code>
+<code>&lt;?php echo $this->benchmark->elapsed_time();?&gt;</code>
 
 <p>You'll notice that it's the same function used in the examples above to calculate the time between two point, except you are
 <strong>not</strong> using any parameters.  When the parameters are absent, CodeIgniter does not stop the benchmark until right before the final
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
 <p>If your PHP installation is configured with --enable-memory-limit, you can display the amount of memory consumed by the entire
 system using the following code in one of your view file:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;?=$this->benchmark->memory_usage();?&gt;</code>
+<code>&lt;?php echo $this->benchmark->memory_usage();?&gt;</code>
 <p>Note: This function can only be used in your view files. The consumption will reflect the total memory used by the entire app.</p>
 
 <p>An alternate way to show your memory usage in your view files is to use this pseudo-variable, if you prefer not to use the pure PHP:</p>
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/file_uploading.html b/user_guide/libraries/file_uploading.html
index 4f8b746..a26a7e3 100644
--- a/user_guide/libraries/file_uploading.html
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/file_uploading.html
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@
 &lt;/head>
 &lt;body>
 
-&lt;?=$error;?>
+&lt;?php echo $error;?>
 
-&lt;?=form_open_multipart('upload/do_upload'); ?>
+&lt;?php echo form_open_multipart('upload/do_upload');?>
 
 &lt;input type="file" name="userfile" size="20" />
 
@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@
 
 &lt;ul>
 &lt;?php foreach($upload_data as $item => $value):?>
-&lt;li>&lt;?=$item;?>: &lt;?=$value;?>&lt;/li>
+&lt;li>&lt;?php echo $item;?>: &lt;?php echo $value;?>&lt;/li>
 &lt;?php endforeach; ?>
 &lt;/ul>
 
-&lt;p>&lt;?=anchor('upload', 'Upload Another File!'); ?>&lt;/p>
+&lt;p>&lt;?php echo anchor('upload', 'Upload Another File!'); ?>&lt;/p>
 
 &lt;/body>
 &lt;/html></textarea>
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/validation.html b/user_guide/libraries/validation.html
index 06ab665..815b542 100644
--- a/user_guide/libraries/validation.html
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/validation.html
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@
 &lt;/head>
 &lt;body>
 
-&lt;?=$this->validation->error_string; ?>
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->error_string; ?>
 
-&lt;?=form_open('form'); ?>
+&lt;?php echo form_open('form'); ?>
 
 &lt;h5>Username&lt;/h5>
 &lt;input type="text" name="username" value="" size="50" />
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
 
 &lt;h3>Your form was successfully submitted!&lt;/h3>
 
-&lt;p>&lt;?=anchor('form', 'Try it again!'); ?>&lt;/p>
+&lt;p>&lt;?php echo anchor('form', 'Try it again!'); ?>&lt;/p>
 
 &lt;/body>
 &lt;/html>
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 and flexible in the event your URLs change.</li>
 
 <li>At the top of the form you'll notice the following variable:
-<code>&lt;?=$this->validation->error_string; ?&gt;</code>
+<code>&lt;?php echo $this->validation->error_string; ?&gt;</code>
 
 <p>This variable will display any error messages sent back by the validator. If there are no messages it returns nothing.</p>
 </li>
@@ -456,21 +456,21 @@
 &lt;/head>
 &lt;body>
 
-&lt;?=$this->validation->error_string; ?>
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->error_string; ?>
 
-&lt;?=form_open('form'); ?>
+&lt;?php echo form_open('form'); ?>
 
 &lt;h5>Username&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password Confirm&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Email Address&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->email;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->email;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;div>&lt;input type="submit" value="Submit" />&lt;/div>
 
@@ -493,20 +493,20 @@
 
 <textarea class="textarea" style="width:100%" cols="50" rows="20">
 &lt;h5>Username&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->username_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->username_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->password_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->password_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password Confirm&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->passconf_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->passconf_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Email Address&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->email_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->email;?>" size="50" /></textarea>
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->email_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->email;?>" size="50" /></textarea>
 
 <p>If there are no errors, nothing will be shown.  If there is an error, the message will appear, wrapped in the delimiters you
 have set (&lt;p> tags by default).</p>
@@ -686,9 +686,9 @@
 
 <code>
 &lt;select name="myselect"><br />
-&lt;option value="one" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'one'); ?></dfn> >One&lt;/option><br />
-&lt;option value="two" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'two'); ?></dfn> >Two&lt;/option><br />
-&lt;option value="three" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'three'); ?></dfn> >Three&lt;/option><br />
+&lt;option value="one" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'one'); ?></dfn> >One&lt;/option><br />
+&lt;option value="two" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'two'); ?></dfn> >Two&lt;/option><br />
+&lt;option value="three" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'three'); ?></dfn> >Three&lt;/option><br />
 &lt;/select>
 </code>
 
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@
 <p>Permits you to display a checkbox in the state it was submitted.  The first parameter
 must contain the name of the checkbox, the second parameter must contain its value. Example:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;input type="checkbox" name="mycheck" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_checkbox('mycheck', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>
+<code>&lt;input type="checkbox" name="mycheck" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_checkbox('mycheck', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>
 
 
 <h2>set_radio()</h2>
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@
 <p>Permits you to display radio buttons in the state they were submitted.  The first parameter
 must contain the name of the radio button, the second parameter must contain its value. Example:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;input type="radio" name="myradio" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_radio('myradio', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>
+<code>&lt;input type="radio" name="myradio" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_radio('myradio', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>